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Kenneth Geers

Syrian Revolution Moves to Digital Battlefield

Written by Kenneth Geers
8/15/2012 18 comments
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National security thinkers are still debating whether a"“Digital Pearl Harbor" is possible. But in the ongoing revolution in Syria, the cyber battleground is already strewn with interesting proofs-of-concept.

In 2007, the world may have witnessed a spectacular cyberattack when the Israeli military is said to have blinded Syrian air defenses prior to an air strike on a Syrian nuclear reactor.

In 2011, as the winds of the Arab Spring blew into Syria, the hacker group Anonymous defaced the Syrian Ministry of Defense homepage, telling its soldiers: "You are responsible for protecting the Syrian people... Defend your country -- rise up against the regime!"

In March 2012, with the revolution already in high gear, computer hackers published the contents of President Assad's personal email account, in which he joked about democratic reforms, spent thousands on consumer goods, and took advice from Iran on how to handle the rebellion.

These days, the pro-government "Syrian Electronic Army" is stealing Twitter accounts in order to spread propaganda, and international firms are helping Assad to keep an eye on political dissidents.

All of these examples of cyberattack are significant, certainly from a tactical, battlefield perspective. However, the most important expression of cyberpower in Syria today is the Information Revolution itself, which has strategic, life-changing implications for every citizen and government on the planet.

In 1982, there was an uprising against President Assad's father in the Syrian town of Hama, during which the government "leveled" parts of the city with artillery fire and killed "many thousands" of Syrian citizens.

Basically, the difference between 1982 and 2012 is the Internet. In 1982, the government had "cut all telephone and road communication with the city," and there were no reporters present to witness the rebellion or its suppression, as noted in Robert Fisk's Pity the Nation.

Thankfully, the world now has a wide range of digital social media -- and yes, hacker groups -- to help us understand what is happening in Syria. Today, anyone with an Internet-connected computer possesses the historical equivalent of a printing press and a radio transmitter.

In 16th century Italy, Machiavelli wrote in The Prince: "I hold it to be true that Fortune is the arbiter of one-half of our actions, but that she still leaves us to direct the other half, or perhaps a little less."

Today, Fortune -- which is increasingly defined by the ubiquity and authority of the Internet -- controls an ever-increasing percentage of any national leader's actions. There is now a "network perspective" against which facts can be checked and dubious witnesses cross-examined. The lifetime of a secret, and especially a lie, is shorter than ever.

Authoritarian governments have taken notice and are now considering whether they can take control of the Internet -- and save themselves from the next cyber revolution.

Related posts:

— Kenneth Geers, NCIS Cyber Subject Matter Expert

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Mary Jander
Thinkernetter
Monday August 20, 2012 9:45:41 AM
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The Internet apparently is working in the favor of poor farmers in Vietnam as they attempt to resist government takeover.

Mitch Wagner
Thinkernetter
Friday August 17, 2012 1:08:00 PM
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The Internet and social media play important roles in democratic revolutions in Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere. But it's important to remember that this is not the "Facebook Revolution" (as some people termed the Egyptian revolution). These revolutions are won or lost by ordinary people putting their lives on the line and taking risks that most of us in the West can only imagine, to win freedom that we take for granted. 

The Internet and social media are tools. They may be decisive tools. They're important, and their role is worth studying and discussing. But they're only tools. 

Mitch Wagner
Thinkernetter
Friday August 17, 2012 1:06:15 PM
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Kenneth Geers - The Internet is too big for any one government to subdue. But a government can subdue it within its own borders. 

Look at China. Its Internet controls are easy for power-users to circumvent, and they do. But power-users represent a small minority of Internet users in China and everywhere else. The overwhelming majority don't bother. 

Mitch Wagner
Thinkernetter
Friday August 17, 2012 1:04:43 PM
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It's interesteing to think of the printing press as a democratizing technology here in the 21st Century, while the Internet is controlled by the powerful. It's the opposite of how we've thought for the last 20 years. But a printing press can be set up in hiding, while the Internet can be controlled at a few choke points. 

keveend
IQ Crew
Thursday August 16, 2012 11:50:33 PM
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Hackers must be very careful whenever they engage in hacking. Especially with a very oppressive and unforgiving government. They risk a lot of things and will be punished severely if they get caught. That's why people are a bit reluctant to engage in such activities.

And we are speaking about a handful of people. Not even a handful actually.

stotheco
IQ Crew
Thursday August 16, 2012 10:22:53 PM
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China has their reasons, as does North Korea. I agree that we, as spectators, cannot pass judgement on what their government chooses (as it is not the people in these countries doing the choosing.) However, I have heard of 'hacks' that the people from China were able to do that allowed them to access otherwise 'forbidden' sites like Facebook. This is pretty interesting because it looks like no matter how hard the government tries to restrict the people, users will always find a way. 

keveend
IQ Crew
Thursday August 16, 2012 11:32:46 AM
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China only does that because it's very serious about preserving the countries culture. Same story for North Korea. They think the internet destroys what's left of their proud culture... Maybe they have an argument there but nonone can really judge can they?

keveend
IQ Crew
Thursday August 16, 2012 11:30:32 AM
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Well I don't think you need several governemts to do that. The government of a single country can bring the internet down completely. I'm talking to that particular country. It can restrict it's people from using the web. I don't know whether the whole internet can be taken down.

keveend
IQ Crew
Thursday August 16, 2012 11:26:23 AM
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But in countries like China with a single party system and very oppressive rules, the government can go on without the support of the people because they have the military on their side. There is very little to nothing people can do except to live with it without complaining.

Kenneth Geers
Thinkernetter
Wednesday August 15, 2012 5:06:34 PM
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Governments can, technically speaking, bring all or large parts of the Internet down - see Burma 2007. But they also lose the benefits of connectivity, and the support of their people.

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